A new Zillow survey covering 26 metro areas found that residents largely support allowing middle housing in residential neighborhoods. Middle housing options are those that fall into categories between single-family lots and large multifamily buildings, such as duplexes or small apartment buildings. A clear majority of homeowners surveyed (78%) voiced support for at least one of these middle housing options, and support was higher among renters (91%).
Despite a pandemic construction boom, in 2022, there were roughly 8.09 million “missing households”: individuals or families living with nonrelatives. Compare that to 3.55 million housing units that were available for rent or for sale, and there is a housing shortage of more than 4.5 million.
There is no quick fix for the housing shortage, but Zillow research has shown that modest densification measures — such as allowing two units on 10% of single-family lots across some of the largest U.S. metros — could help boost critically needed housing supply enough to slow housing price growth in a meaningful way. This latest survey shows a growing support among homeowners and renters for adding housing to their neighborhoods.
Of the types of homes we asked about, accessory dwelling units (ADUs) generally garnered the highest level of support. Among adults in the metros we surveyed, 68% said they would support allowing ADUs in their neighborhood, with higher percentages among renters (71%) and younger adults (71% among ages 18–29, 75% in their 30s and 71% in their 40s).
Duplexes, triplexes and small condo/apartment buildings (of fewer than 10 units) generally enjoyed majority support: 59% of those surveyed said they would support allowing duplexes and triplexes in their neighborhood, and 57% said the same about small condo or apartment buildings of fewer than 10 units. Medium buildings (between 10 and 49 units) saw a closer divide, with about half (50%) indicating support, 44% saying they were opposed, and 6% saying they were unsure.
Among renters, support for allowing more types of homes has stayed consistently high: Starting in 2022, about 77% of renters reported their support for allowing ADUs, duplexes and/or triplexes in residential neighborhoods. When surveyed again in 2023, 82% reported the same support. In the same year, 89% of renters said they would support allowing at least one type of multifamily housing (ADU, duplex, apartment, and/or condo) in their neighborhood. In 2024, 91% of renters said the same.
Among homeowners, we’ve seen such support grow since at least 2019, when we began surveying them. In 2019, just over half (57%) agreed at least somewhat that homeowners should be allowed to convert their homes to add housing units. That support grew to 64% in 2022, 68% in 2023 and 73% in 2024.
Most of those surveyed reported that they had been treated differently in their search for housing for at least one of the protected identities that we asked about. About 4 in 5 LGBTQ+ adults (79%) reported experiencing this kind of housing discrimination. Renters reported experiencing discrimination (61%) at a higher rate than homeowners (53%). And younger generations, whose members are more likely to move and typically move more often, also reported experiencing discrimination at higher rates (72% of Gen Zers and 65% of millennials, higher than 55% of Gen Xers, and 38% of baby boomers and older).
Across the 26 metros surveyed, about half of respondents (52%) said that housing affordability was very or extremely important when deciding who to vote for in this year’s federal elections. For renters, a clearer majority (59%) expressed the same importance, versus 49% of homeowners.
Younger generations, especially millennials, were more likely to place high importance on housing affordability as an election issue (59% of Gen Zers and 62% of millennials, versus 51% of Gen Xers, and 38% of baby boomers and older).
About 73% of adults across the 26 metros we surveyed said that they agree somewhat or completely that “Landlords in my state should be required to accept rent payments from tenants that rely on government assistance, like social security or housing vouchers.” Agreement was higher among renters (78%) than homeowners (70%).
Share of adults who say they would support allowing each home type in their neighborhood OR who say that at least one multifamily condition (affordability, proximity to transit/recreation) would make them more supportive
| ADUs | Du/triplex | Small condo/ apartment (fewer than 10 units) | Medium condo/ apartment (10–49 units) | Large condo/ apartment (50+ units) | Any /at least one | |
| Total | 87% | 83% | 83% | 82% | 81% | 87% |
| Atlanta | 85% | 76% | 78% | 75% | 75% | 87% |
| Boston | 90% | 84% | 83% | 79% | 78% | 93% |
| Chicago | 89% | 86% | 85% | 83% | 84% | 91% |
| Columbus | 84% | 79% | 80% | 79% | 77% | 87% |
| Dallas | 86% | 79% | 80% | 80% | 79% | 88% |
| Denver | 91% | 88% | 85% | 83% | 83% | 91% |
| Detroit | 87% | 82% | 85% | 82% | 81% | 90% |
| Houston | 82% | 79% | 79% | 79% | 78% | 84% |
| Las Vegas | 90% | 84% | 84% | 83% | 83% | 91% |
| Los Angeles | 87% | 84% | 83% | 83% | 82% | 89% |
| Miami | 89% | 86% | 86% | 83% | 82% | 92% |
| Minneapolis | 83% | 81% | 81% | 79% | 78% | 87% |
| Nashville | 84% | 77% | 75% | 74% | 74% | 86% |
| New York | 85% | 84% | 82% | 82% | 81% | 90% |
| Long Island | 81% | 80% | 81% | 79% | 78% | 84% |
| Philadelphia | 87% | 83% | 82% | 81% | 80% | 89% |
| Phoenix | 86% | 84% | 85% | 84% | 84% | 89% |
| Raleigh | 87% | 84% | 82% | 82% | 81% | 89% |
| Riverside | 90% | 89% | 88% | 90% | 88% | 95% |
| Sacramento | 87% | 82% | 79% | 78% | 77% | 89% |
| San Diego | 89% | 87% | 85% | 88% | 83% | 93% |
| San Francisco | 88% | 84% | 84% | 83% | 82% | 90% |
| San Jose | 94% | 82% | 83% | 80% | 83% | 95% |
| Seattle | 88% | 88% | 86% | 86% | 83% | 92% |
| St. Louis | 84% | 80% | 79% | 78% | 78% | 87% |
| Tampa | 86% | 78% | 79% | 76% | 78% | 88% |
| Washington, D.C. | 91% | 87% | 87% | 86% | 86% | 92% |
| ADUs | Du/triplex | Small condo/ apartment (fewer than 10 units) | Medium condo/ apartment (10–49 units) | Large condo/ apartment (50+ units) | Any /at least one | |
| Total | 87% | 83% | 83% | 82% | 81% | 89% |
| Homeowner | 83% | 79% | 78% | 77% | 76% | 87% |
| Renter | 93% | 92% | 92% | 91% | 90% | 95% |
| Gen Z (ages 18–29) | 92% | 92% | 92% | 91% | 90% | 96% |
| Millennial (ages 30–44) | 92% | 90% | 89% | 88% | 88% | 93% |
| Generation X (ages 45–59) | 85% | 82% | 81% | 80% | 80% | 88% |
| Boomers & Silent Gen (ages 60+) | 78% | 71% | 72% | 70% | 69% | 82% |
| Ages 18–29 | 92% | 92% | 92% | 91% | 90% | 96% |
| Ages 30–39 | 92% | 91% | 89% | 89% | 89% | 94% |
| Ages 40–49 | 88% | 85% | 84% | 84% | 83% | 90% |
| Ages 50–59 | 85% | 82% | 81% | 80% | 79% | 88% |
| Ages 60+ | 78% | 71% | 72% | 70% | 69% | 82% |
| White | 84% | 78% | 78% | 78% | 76% | 87% |
| Black | 90% | 90% | 87% | 87% | 86% | 93% |
| Latinx | 91% | 88% | 88% | 87% | 86% | 93% |
| AAPI | 84% | 82% | 82% | 81% | 81% | 89% |
| Other race | 92% | 89% | 89% | 88% | 88% | 92% |
| Non-white | 89% | 88% | 87% | 86% | 85% | 92% |
| Cisgender Heterosexual | 86% | 83% | 82% | 81% | 80% | 89% |
| LGBTQ+ | 91% | 89% | 89% | 88% | 88% | 93% |
| Experienced housing discrimination for at least 1 protected identity | 89% | 87% | 86% | 86% | 85% | 91% |
| Never experienced housing discrimination for protected identity | 84% | 78% | 79% | 77% | 76% | 87% |
| <$50K household income | 91% | 89% | 88% | 87% | 86% | 92% |
| $50K–<$100K household income | 86% | 83% | 83% | 81% | 81% | 89% |
| $100K+ household Income | 85% | 81% | 80% | 80% | 79% | 88% |
| Not registered to vote | 90% | 86% | 87% | 84% | 85% | 91% |
| Registered to vote at current address | 86% | 82% | 81% | 80% | 79% | 89% |
| Registered to vote before, but has not updated registration since moving | 89% | 90% | 90% | 88% | 88% | 92% |
Share of adults who say they would support allowing each type of home in their neighborhood (without conditions)
| ADUs | Du/triplex | Small condo/ apartment (fewer than 10 units) | Medium condo/ apartment (10–49 units) | Large condo/ apartment (50+ units) | Any /at least one | |
| Total | 68% | 59% | 57% | 50% | 42% | 82% |
| Atlanta | 70% | 43% | 45% | 37% | 36% | 81% |
| Boston | 68% | 61% | 56% | 43% | 35% | 86% |
| Chicago | 69% | 63% | 60% | 46% | 41% | 86% |
| Columbus | 62% | 57% | 51% | 46% | 38% | 81% |
| Dallas | 71% | 57% | 52% | 51% | 42% | 83% |
| Denver | 76% | 62% | 55% | 50% | 44% | 86% |
| Detroit | 68% | 57% | 62% | 52% | 45% | 85% |
| Houston | 64% | 52% | 51% | 43% | 38% | 78% |
| Las Vegas | 70% | 57% | 60% | 50% | 45% | 86% |
| Los Angeles | 71% | 65% | 56% | 49% | 43% | 86% |
| Miami | 64% | 56% | 56% | 48% | 43% | 86% |
| Minneapolis | 64% | 57% | 51% | 39% | 37% | 80% |
| Nashville | 70% | 51% | 52% | 40% | 34% | 81% |
| New York | 65% | 60% | 62% | 57% | 46% | 85% |
| Long Island | 62% | 54% | 55% | 48% | 37% | 78% |
| Philadelphia | 70% | 58% | 55% | 47% | 39% | 84% |
| Phoenix | 65% | 59% | 56% | 50% | 40% | 83% |
| Raleigh | 68% | 54% | 50% | 42% | 34% | 83% |
| Riverside | 69% | 60% | 55% | 50% | 39% | 88% |
| Sacramento | 73% | 62% | 52% | 52% | 42% | 84% |
| San Diego | 76% | 62% | 60% | 54% | 45% | 88% |
| San Francisco | 71% | 63% | 58% | 55% | 43% | 84% |
| San Jose | 76% | 62% | 53% | 45% | 41% | 91% |
| Seattle | 71% | 70% | 64% | 60% | 44% | 91% |
| St. Louis | 65% | 55% | 51% | 41% | 33% | 80% |
| Tampa | 65% | 51% | 49% | 43% | 38% | 81% |
| Washington, D.C. | 67% | 57% | 63% | 57% | 50% | 86% |
| ADUs | Du/triplex | Small condo/ apartment (fewer than 10 units) | Medium condo/ apartment (10-49 units) | Large condo/ apartment (50+ units) | Any / At least one | |
| Total | 68% | 59% | 57% | 50% | 42% | 85% |
| Homeowner | 66% | 54% | 52% | 43% | 37% | 81% |
| Renter | 71% | 69% | 66% | 62% | 51% | 91% |
| Gen Z (ages 18–29) | 71% | 66% | 62% | 61% | 54% | 93% |
| Millennial (ages 30–44) | 75% | 69% | 64% | 61% | 55% | 89% |
| Generation X (ages 45–59) | 68% | 59% | 56% | 46% | 38% | 83% |
| Boomers & Silent Gen (ages 60+) | 59% | 44% | 47% | 32% | 24% | 74% |
| Ages 18–29 | 71% | 66% | 62% | 61% | 54% | 93% |
| Ages 30–39 | 75% | 69% | 64% | 61% | 56% | 91% |
| Ages 40–49 | 71% | 65% | 60% | 54% | 46% | 85% |
| Ages 50–59 | 67% | 58% | 54% | 45% | 36% | 83% |
| Ages 60+ | 59% | 44% | 47% | 32% | 24% | 74% |
| White | 67% | 55% | 54% | 47% | 38% | 81% |
| Black | 71% | 69% | 63% | 58% | 48% | 89% |
| Latinx | 69% | 61% | 58% | 51% | 46% | 89% |
| AAPI | 64% | 58% | 57% | 44% | 39% | 85% |
| Other race | 75% | 66% | 65% | 55% | 49% | 88% |
| Non-white | 69% | 63% | 59% | 52% | 45% | 88% |
| Cisgender Heterosexual | 68% | 59% | 56% | 48% | 41% | 84% |
| LGBTQ+ | 72% | 64% | 62% | 61% | 54% | 90% |
| Experienced housing discrimination for at least 1 protected identity | 69% | 65% | 60% | 55% | 48% | 88% |
| Never experienced housing discrimination for protected identity | 66% | 51% | 53% | 42% | 34% | 81% |
| <$50K household income | 65% | 62% | 59% | 54% | 42% | 88% |
| $50K–<$100K household income | 68% | 56% | 55% | 46% | 38% | 84% |
| $100K+ household income | 72% | 71% | 66% | 66% | 60% | 84% |
| Not registered to vote | 68% | 63% | 60% | 56% | 47% | 86% |
| Registered to vote at current address | 69% | 59% | 56% | 47% | 38% | 83% |
| Registered to vote before, but has not updated registration since moving | 68% | 58% | 55% | 48% | 42% | 90% |
Share of adults who say allowing for more multifamily housing options in single-family neighborhoods would have a positive effect on:
| Parking and traffic | Availability of more affordable housing options | Neighborhood amenities (e.g., parks, restaurants, community centers) | Enabling homeowners to care for aging family members | |
| Total | 47% | 70% | 70% | 75% |
| Atlanta | 43% | 65% | 60% | 70% |
| Boston | 39% | 71% | 71% | 80% |
| Chicago | 49% | 67% | 70% | 75% |
| Columbus | 38% | 69% | 65% | 76% |
| Dallas | 47% | 74% | 70% | 73% |
| Denver | 40% | 70% | 68% | 79% |
| Detroit | 48% | 68% | 75% | 75% |
| Houston | 47% | 68% | 72% | 76% |
| Las Vegas | 44% | 73% | 71% | 75% |
| Los Angeles | 49% | 66% | 70% | 75% |
| Miami | 50% | 67% | 73% | 67% |
| Minneapolis | 37% | 64% | 63% | 70% |
| Nashville | 41% | 67% | 67% | 76% |
| New York | 53% | 75% | 74% | 75% |
| Long Island | 42% | 68% | 62% | 70% |
| Philadelphia | 40% | 69% | 67% | 75% |
| Phoenix | 48% | 73% | 67% | 77% |
| Raleigh | 41% | 69% | 69% | 72% |
| Riverside | 49% | 75% | 73% | 72% |
| Sacramento | 41% | 70% | 69% | 78% |
| San Diego | 41% | 75% | 75% | 81% |
| San Francisco | 37% | 70% | 68% | 79% |
| San Jose | 43% | 73% | 72% | 81% |
| Seattle | 42% | 75% | 73% | 77% |
| St. Louis | 44% | 71% | 70% | 72% |
| Tampa | 40% | 65% | 60% | 70% |
| Washington, D.C. | 48% | 71% | 74% | 79% |
| Parking and traffic | Availability of more affordable housing options | Neighborhood amenities (e.g., parks, restaurants, community centers) | Enabling homeowners to care for aging family members | |
| Total | 47% | 70% | 70% | 75% |
| Homeowner | 44% | 67% | 66% | 75% |
| Renter | 52% | 75% | 78% | 76% |
| Gen Z (ages 18–29) | 59% | 76% | 77% | 73% |
| Millennial (ages 30–44) | 61% | 77% | 77% | 80% |
| Generation X (ages 45–59) | 45% | 68% | 70% | 74% |
| Boomers & Silent Gen (ages 60+) | 25% | 60% | 59% | 72% |
| 18–29 | 59% | 76% | 77% | 73% |
| 30–39 | 62% | 77% | 78% | 79% |
| 40–49 | 51% | 72% | 73% | 77% |
| 50–59 | 45% | 69% | 68% | 74% |
| 60+ | 25% | 60% | 59% | 72% |
| White | 43% | 68% | 68% | 76% |
| Black | 54% | 79% | 79% | 73% |
| Latinx | 53% | 70% | 72% | 74% |
| AAPI | 41% | 67% | 65% | 73% |
| Other | 45% | 64% | 76% | 78% |
| Non-white | 50% | 71% | 73% | 74% |
| Cisgender heterosexual | 46% | 70% | 70% | 75% |
| LGBTQ+ | 58% | 71% | 72% | 73% |
| Experienced housing discrimination for at least 1 protected identity | 54% | 72% | 74% | 74% |
| Never experienced housing discrimination for protected identity | 38% | 67% | 66% | 76% |
| I am not registered to vote | 48% | 72% | 69% | 72% |
| I am registered to vote at my current address | 43% | 68% | 68% | 74% |
| I have registered to vote before, but have not updated my registration since I last moved | 68% | 80% | 82% | 81% |
| <$50K (net income) | 52% | 74% | 76% | 73% |
| $50K–<$100K | 42% | 67% | 68% | 72% |
| $100K+ (net income) | 47% | 69% | 69% | 78% |
| Consider housing affordability very/extremely important when deciding whom to vote for in this year’s federal elections | |
| Total | 52% |
| Homeowner | 49% |
| Renter | 59% |
| Gen Z (ages 18–29) | 59% |
| Millennial (ages 30–44) | 62% |
| Generation X (ages 45–59) | 51% |
| Boomers & Silent Gen (ages 60+) | 38% |
| Ages 18–29 | 59% |
| Ages 30–39 | 62% |
| Ages 40–49 | 60% |
| Ages 50–59 | 47% |
| Ages 60+ | 38% |
| White | 47% |
| Black | 63% |
| Latinx | 59% |
| AAPI | 45% |
| Other race | 58% |
| Non-white | 57% |
| Cisgender heterosexual | 51% |
| LGBTQ+ | 61% |
| <$50K household income | 44% |
| $50K–<$100K household income | 50% |
| $100K+ household income | 70% |
| Not registered to vote | 58% |
| Registered to vote at current address | 51% |
| Registered to vote before, but has not updated registration since moving | 50% |
| Consider housing affordability very/extremely important when deciding whom to vote for in this year’s federal elections | |
| Atlanta | 53% |
| Boston | 51% |
| Chicago | 52% |
| Columbus | 43% |
| Dallas | 48% |
| Denver | 51% |
| Detroit | 54% |
| Houston | 50% |
| Las Vegas | 56% |
| Los Angeles | 58% |
| Miami | 52% |
| Minneapolis | 40% |
| Nashville | 45% |
| New York | 52% |
| Long Island | 44% |
| Philadelphia | 49% |
| Phoenix | 59% |
| Raleigh | 43% |
| Riverside | 53% |
| Sacramento | 53% |
| San Diego | 52% |
| San Francisco | 48% |
| San Jose | 52% |
| Seattle | 64% |
| St. Louis | 42% |
| Tampa | 49% |
| Washington, D.C. | 55% |
Agree somewhat/completely with each statement
| Homeowners should be allowed to convert their homes to add housing units (e.g., single-family to duplex, adding a mother- in-law unit, etc.) | I’m very worried about traffic and parking in my neighborhood | I would be willing to invest money to make my property a multifamily lot if it were allowed | Having more affordable housing in my community is more important than free parking for myself | Landlords in my state should be required to accept rent payments from tenants that rely on government assistance, like Social Security or housing vouchers | |
| Total | 73% | 52% | 53% | 65% | 73% |
| Homeowner | 72% | 53% | 51% | 60% | 70% |
| Renter | 75% | 52% | 57% | 75% | 78% |
| Gen Z (ages 18–29) | 74% | 55% | 65% | 72% | 70% |
| Millennial (ages 30–44) | 79% | 60% | 68% | 73% | 77% |
| Generation X (ages 45–59) | 74% | 52% | 54% | 64% | 75% |
| Boomers & Silent Gen (ages 60+) | 65% | 43% | 29% | 52% | 69% |
| Ages 18–29 | 74% | 55% | 65% | 72% | 70% |
| Ages 30–39 | 78% | 60% | 68% | 72% | 76% |
| Ages 40–49 | 80% | 55% | 62% | 69% | 77% |
| Ages 50–59 | 71% | 52% | 51% | 64% | 74% |
| Ages 60+ | 65% | 43% | 29% | 52% | 69% |
| White | 71% | 50% | 48% | 62% | 73% |
| Black | 74% | 54% | 63% | 75% | 80% |
| Latinx | 74% | 57% | 60% | 67% | 73% |
| AAPI | 74% | 54% | 52% | 59% | 62% |
| Other race | 79% | 47% | 45% | 71% | 77% |
| Non-white | 74% | 55% | 58% | 68% | 73% |
| Cisgender Heterosexual | 72% | 52% | 52% | 65% | 72% |
| LGBTQ+ | 79% | 55% | 63% | 69% | 76% |
| Experienced housing discrimination for at least 1 protected identity | 76% | 58% | 62% | 69% | 75% |
| Never experienced housing discrimination for protected identity | 69% | 45% | 42% | 60% | 70% |
| <$50K household income | 67% | 49% | 58% | 69% | 69% |
| $50K–<$100K household income | 72% | 50% | 49% | 62% | 72% |
| $100K+ household income | 81% | 67% | 73% | 78% | 79% |
| Not registered to vote | 72% | 51% | 54% | 73% | 79% |
| Registered to vote at current address | 71% | 50% | 49% | 64% | 73% |
| Registered to vote before, but has not updated registration since moving | 74% | 54% | 55% | 62% | 70% |
| Homeowners should be allowed to convert their homes to add housing units (e.g., single-family to duplex, adding a mother- in-law unit, etc.) | I’m very worried about traffic and parking in my neighborhood | I would be willing to invest money to make my property a multifamily lot if it were allowed | Having more affordable housing in my community is more important than free parking for myself | Landlords in my state should be required to accept rent payments from tenants that rely on government assistance, like Social Security or housing vouchers | |
| Total | 73% | 52% | 53% | 65% | 73% |
| Atlanta | 71% | 42% | 46% | 61% | 68% |
| Boston | 77% | 48% | 49% | 64% | 69% |
| Chicago | 75% | 43% | 56% | 64% | 73% |
| Columbus | 69% | 33% | 41% | 66% | 70% |
| Dallas | 72% | 51% | 51% | 64% | 65% |
| Denver | 75% | 51% | 50% | 72% | 77% |
| Detroit | 71% | 46% | 47% | 67% | 73% |
| Houston | 68% | 50% | 50% | 63% | 67% |
| Las Vegas | 71% | 43% | 58% | 71% | 72% |
| Los Angeles | 78% | 63% | 59% | 63% | 72% |
| Miami | 71% | 56% | 51% | 66% | 73% |
| Minneapolis | 71% | 36% | 38% | 61% | 65% |
| Nashville | 73% | 48% | 39% | 63% | 73% |
| New York | 71% | 58% | 58% | 67% | 79% |
| Long Island | 75% | 54% | 53% | 62% | 69% |
| Philadelphia | 71% | 46% | 43% | 60% | 72% |
| Phoenix | 69% | 53% | 52% | 69% | 74% |
| Raleigh | 73% | 41% | 45% | 65% | 71% |
| Riverside | 74% | 48% | 54% | 69% | 76% |
| Sacramento | 76% | 47% | 49% | 64% | 69% |
| San Diego | 71% | 64% | 51% | 70% | 74% |
| San Francisco | 75% | 54% | 57% | 62% | 68% |
| San Jose | 72% | 47% | 54% | 67% | 68% |
| Seattle | 76% | 59% | 62% | 72% | 81% |
| St. Louis | 67% | 40% | 43% | 66% | 73% |
| Tampa | 72% | 45% | 47% | 62% | 70% |
| Washington, D.C. | 73% | 54% | 52% | 67% | 72% |
| Homeowners should be allowed to convert their homes to add housing units (e.g., single-family to duplex, adding a mother-in-law unit, etc.) | 2019 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total – among homeowners only | 57% | 64% | 68% | 73% |
| Atlanta | 54% | 57% | 61% | 70% |
| Boston | 63% | 72% | 69% | 81% |
| Chicago | 52% | 68% | 67% | 73% |
| Dallas | 51% | 63% | 66% | 73% |
| Denver | 54% | 57% | 70% | 79% |
| Detroit | 47% | 56% | 62% | 68% |
| Las Vegas | 52% | 56% | 61% | 68% |
| Los Angeles | 57% | 70% | 75% | 79% |
| Miami | 63% | 57% | 65% | 66% |
| Minneapolis | 57% | 55% | 68% | 71% |
| New York | 55% | 66% | 70% | 70% |
| Philadelphia | 58% | 68% | 68% | 70% |
| Phoenix | 50% | 60% | 64% | 68% |
| St. Louis | 53% | 60% | 63% | 62% |
| San Diego | 70% | 62% | 74% | 75% |
| San Francisco | 64% | 64% | 75% | 75% |
| San Jose | 60% | 66% | 82% | 76% |
| Seattle | 67% | 69% | 73% | 78% |
| Tampa | 58% | 65% | 67% | 68% |
| Washington, D.C. | 59% | 59% | 73% | 70% |
| Agree somewhat/ completely | Total | Gen Z (ages 18–29) | Millennial (ages 30–44) | Generation X (ages 45–59) | Boomers & Silent Gen (ages 60+) |
| Owning a home is necessary to live the American Dream | 70% | 77% | 75% | 70% | 61% |
| Owning a home is critical to building and passing on generational wealth | 78% | 76% | 81% | 79% | 73% |
| Agree somewhat/ completely | Total | 18–29 | 30–39 | 40–49 | 50–59 | 60+ |
| Owning a home is necessary to live the American Dream | 70% | 77% | 76% | 71% | 71% | 61% |
| Owning a home is critical to building and passing on generational wealth | 78% | 76% | 82% | 80% | 79% | 73% |
In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of adults ages 18 and older, Zillow Group Population Science conducted a representative survey of more than 12,000 adults across 26 metros: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Columbus, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Houston, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, Nashville, New York (with additional sampling to produce estimates for Long Island), Philadelphia, Phoenix, Raleigh, Riverside, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose, Seattle, St. Louis, Tampa, Washington, D.C. metropolitan areas. The survey was fielded in March and April 2024.
Results from this survey are representative of adults in each metropolitan area. To achieve representativeness, ZG Population Science used a two-pronged approach. First, the initial recruitment to the sample was balanced to all adults from the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2022 American Community Survey (ACS) on the basis of age, relationship status, income, ethnicity/race, education and sex. Additional targeted subgroups were sampled based on all key household demographic characteristics. Second, statistical raking was used to create calibration weights to ensure that the distribution of survey respondents matched each metro’s population with respect to a number of key demographic characteristics.